background-processing

Background Processing

Register, schedule, and execute background work on iOS using the BackgroundTasks framework, background URLSession, and background push notifications.

Contents

• Info.plist Configuration
• BGTaskScheduler Registration
• BGAppRefreshTask Patterns
• BGProcessingTask Patterns
• BGContinuedProcessingTask (iOS 26+)
• Background URLSession Downloads
• Background Push Triggers
• Common Mistakes
• Review Checklist
• References

Info.plist Configuration

Every task identifier must be declared in Info.plist under BGTaskSchedulerPermittedIdentifiers, or submit(_:) throws BGTaskScheduler.Error.Code.notPermitted.

<key>BGTaskSchedulerPermittedIdentifiers</key>
<array>
    <string>com.example.app.refresh</string>
    <string>com.example.app.db-cleanup</string>
    <string>com.example.app.export.*</string>
</array>

Also enable the required UIBackgroundModes:

<key>UIBackgroundModes</key>
<array>
    <string>fetch</string>       <!-- Required for BGAppRefreshTask -->
    <string>processing</string>  <!-- Required for BGProcessingTask -->
</array>

In Xcode: target > Signing & Capabilities > Background Modes > enable "Background fetch" and "Background processing".

BGTaskScheduler Registration

Register handlers before app launch completes. In UIKit, register in application(_:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:); in SwiftUI, register in App.init().

UIKit Registration

import BackgroundTasks

@main
class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {
    func application(
        _ application: UIApplication,
        didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplication.LaunchOptionsKey: Any]?
    ) -> Bool {
        BGTaskScheduler.shared.register(
            forTaskWithIdentifier: "com.example.app.refresh",
            using: nil  // nil = default background queue
        ) { task in
            self.handleAppRefresh(task: task as! BGAppRefreshTask)
        }

        BGTaskScheduler.shared.register(
            forTaskWithIdentifier: "com.example.app.db-cleanup",
            using: nil
        ) { task in
            self.handleDatabaseCleanup(task: task as! BGProcessingTask)
        }

        return true
    }
}

SwiftUI Registration

import SwiftUI
import BackgroundTasks

@main
struct MyApp: App {
    init() {
        BGTaskScheduler.shared.register(
            forTaskWithIdentifier: "com.example.app.refresh",
            using: nil
        ) { task in
            BackgroundTaskManager.shared.handleAppRefresh(
                task: task as! BGAppRefreshTask
            )
        }
    }

    var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup { ContentView() }
    }
}

BGAppRefreshTask Patterns

Short-lived tasks (~30 seconds) for fetching small data updates. The system decides when to launch based on usage patterns. Review notes should say earliestBeginDate is a lower-bound hint and the system may run the task later.

func scheduleAppRefresh() {
    let request = BGAppRefreshTaskRequest(
        identifier: "com.example.app.refresh"
    )
    request.earliestBeginDate = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: 15 * 60)
    // earliestBeginDate is a lower-bound hint; the system may delay launch.
    do {
        try BGTaskScheduler.shared.submit(request)
    } catch {
        print("Could not schedule app refresh: \(error)")
    }
}

func handleAppRefresh(task: BGAppRefreshTask) {
    // Schedule the next refresh before doing work
    scheduleAppRefresh()

    let fetchTask = Task {
        do {
            let data = try await APIClient.shared.fetchLatestFeed()
            await FeedStore.shared.update(with: data)
            task.setTaskCompleted(success: true)
        } catch {
            task.setTaskCompleted(success: false)
        }
    }

    // CRITICAL: Handle expiration -- system can revoke time at any moment
    task.expirationHandler = {
        fetchTask.cancel()
        task.setTaskCompleted(success: false)
    }
}

BGProcessingTask Patterns

Long-running tasks (minutes) for maintenance, data processing, or cleanup. Runs only when device is idle and (optionally) charging. Review notes should say earliestBeginDate is a lower-bound hint and the system may run the task later.

func scheduleProcessingTask() {
    let request = BGProcessingTaskRequest(
        identifier: "com.example.app.db-cleanup"
    )
    request.requiresNetworkConnectivity = false
    request.requiresExternalPower = true
    request.earliestBeginDate = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: 60 * 60)
    // earliestBeginDate is a lower-bound hint; the system may delay launch.
    do {
        try BGTaskScheduler.shared.submit(request)
    } catch {
        print("Could not schedule processing task: \(error)")
    }
}

func handleDatabaseCleanup(task: BGProcessingTask) {
    scheduleProcessingTask()

    let cleanupTask = Task {
        do {
            try await DatabaseManager.shared.purgeExpiredRecords()
            try await DatabaseManager.shared.rebuildIndexes()
            task.setTaskCompleted(success: true)
        } catch {
            task.setTaskCompleted(success: false)
        }
    }

    task.expirationHandler = {
        cleanupTask.cancel()
        task.setTaskCompleted(success: false)
    }
}

BGContinuedProcessingTask (iOS 26+)

A task initiated in the foreground by a user action that continues running in the background. The system displays progress via a Live Activity. Conforms to ProgressReporting.

Availability: iOS 26.0+, iPadOS 26.0+

Unlike BGAppRefreshTask and BGProcessingTask, this task starts immediately from the foreground. The system can terminate it under resource pressure, prioritizing tasks that report minimal progress first. Set expirationHandler for user or system cancellation, cancel in-flight work, and clean up partial output before reporting completion.

import BackgroundTasks

func startExport() {
    // Register the task handler at app launch, not here.
    // BGTaskScheduler requires registration before app launch completes.
    let jobID = UUID().uuidString
    let request = BGContinuedProcessingTaskRequest(
        identifier: "com.example.app.export.\(jobID)",
        title: "Exporting Photos",
        subtitle: "Processing 247 items"
    )
    // Use a permitted base wildcard identifier: com.example.app.export.*
    // earliestBeginDate is ignored for continued processing requests.
    // .queue: begin as soon as possible if can't run immediately
    // .fail: fail submission if can't run immediately
    request.strategy = .queue

    do {
        try BGTaskScheduler.shared.submit(request)
    } catch {
        print("Could not submit continued processing task: \(error)")
    }
}

func performExport(task: BGContinuedProcessingTask) async {
    let items = await PhotoLibrary.shared.itemsToExport()
    let progress = task.progress
    progress.totalUnitCount = Int64(items.count)

    for (index, item) in items.enumerated() {
        if Task.isCancelled { break }

        await PhotoExporter.shared.export(item)
        progress.completedUnitCount = Int64(index + 1)

        // Update the user-facing title/subtitle
        task.updateTitle(
            "Exporting Photos",
            subtitle: "\(index + 1) of \(items.count) complete"
        )
    }

    task.setTaskCompleted(success: !Task.isCancelled)
}

For GPU work, check support and enable Background GPU Access (com.apple.developer.background-tasks.continued-processing.gpu):

let supported = BGTaskScheduler.supportedResources
if supported.contains(.gpu) {
    request.requiredResources = .gpu
}

Background URLSession Downloads

Use URLSessionConfiguration.background for downloads that continue even after the app is suspended or terminated. The system handles the transfer out of process.

class DownloadManager: NSObject, URLSessionDownloadDelegate {
    static let shared = DownloadManager()

    private lazy var session: URLSession = {
        let config = URLSessionConfiguration.background(
            withIdentifier: "com.example.app.background-download"
        )
        config.isDiscretionary = true
        config.sessionSendsLaunchEvents = true
        return URLSession(configuration: config, delegate: self, delegateQueue: nil)
    }()

    func startDownload(from url: URL) {
        let task = session.downloadTask(with: url)
        task.earliestBeginDate = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: 60)
        task.resume()
    }

    func urlSession(
        _ session: URLSession,
        downloadTask: URLSessionDownloadTask,
        didFinishDownloadingTo location: URL
    ) {
        // Move file from tmp before this method returns
        let dest = FileManager.default.urls(
            for: .documentDirectory, in: .userDomainMask
        )[0].appendingPathComponent("download.dat")
        try? FileManager.default.moveItem(at: location, to: dest)
    }

    func urlSession(
        _ session: URLSession,
        task: URLSessionTask,
        didCompleteWithError error: (any Error)?
    ) {
        if let error { print("Download failed: \(error)") }
    }
}

Handle app relaunch — store and invoke the system completion handler:

// In AppDelegate:
func application(
    _ application: UIApplication,
    handleEventsForBackgroundURLSession identifier: String,
    completionHandler: @escaping () -> Void
) {
    backgroundSessionCompletionHandler = completionHandler
}

// In URLSessionDelegate — call stored handler when events finish:
func urlSessionDidFinishEvents(forBackgroundURLSession session: URLSession) {
    Task { @MainActor in
        self.backgroundSessionCompletionHandler?()
        self.backgroundSessionCompletionHandler = nil
    }
}

Background Push Triggers

Silent push notifications wake your app briefly to fetch new content. Set content-available: 1 in the push payload.

{ "aps": { "content-available": 1 }, "custom-data": "new-messages" }

Send the APNs request with apns-push-type: background and apns-priority: 5. Background push delivery is low priority and not guaranteed; keep sends infrequent, generally no more than two or three per hour.

Handle in AppDelegate:

func application(
    _ application: UIApplication,
    didReceiveRemoteNotification userInfo: [AnyHashable: Any],
    fetchCompletionHandler completionHandler:
        @escaping (UIBackgroundFetchResult) -> Void
) {
    Task {
        do {
            let hasNew = try await MessageStore.shared.fetchNewMessages()
            completionHandler(hasNew ? .newData : .noData)
        } catch {
            completionHandler(.failed)
        }
    }
}

Enable "Remote notifications" in Background Modes and register:

UIApplication.shared.registerForRemoteNotifications()

Common Mistakes

1. Missing Info.plist identifiers

// DON'T: Submit a task whose identifier isn't in BGTaskSchedulerPermittedIdentifiers
let request = BGAppRefreshTaskRequest(identifier: "com.example.app.refresh")
try BGTaskScheduler.shared.submit(request)  // Throws .notPermitted

// DO: Add every identifier to Info.plist BGTaskSchedulerPermittedIdentifiers
// <string>com.example.app.refresh</string>

2. Not calling setTaskCompleted(success:)

// DON'T: Return without marking completion -- system penalizes future scheduling
func handleRefresh(task: BGAppRefreshTask) {
    Task {
        let data = try await fetchData()
        await store.update(data)
        // Missing: task.setTaskCompleted(success:)
    }
}

// DO: Always call setTaskCompleted on every code path
func handleRefresh(task: BGAppRefreshTask) {
    let work = Task {
        do {
            let data = try await fetchData()
            await store.update(data)
            task.setTaskCompleted(success: true)
        } catch {
            task.setTaskCompleted(success: false)
        }
    }
    task.expirationHandler = {
        work.cancel()
        task.setTaskCompleted(success: false)
    }
}

3. Ignoring the expiration handler

// DON'T: Assume your task will run to completion
func handleCleanup(task: BGProcessingTask) {
    Task { await heavyWork() }
    // No expirationHandler -- system terminates ungracefully
}

// DO: Set expirationHandler to cancel work and mark completed
func handleCleanup(task: BGProcessingTask) {
    let work = Task { await heavyWork() }
    task.expirationHandler = {
        work.cancel()
        task.setTaskCompleted(success: false)
    }
}

4. Scheduling too frequently

// DON'T: Request refresh every minute -- system throttles aggressively
request.earliestBeginDate = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: 60)

// DO: Use reasonable intervals (15+ minutes for refresh)
request.earliestBeginDate = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: 15 * 60)
// earliestBeginDate is a hint -- the system chooses actual launch time

5. Over-relying on background time

// DON'T: Start a 10-minute operation assuming it will finish
func handleRefresh(task: BGAppRefreshTask) {
    Task { await tenMinuteSync() }
}

// DO: Design work to be incremental and cancellable
func handleRefresh(task: BGAppRefreshTask) {
    let work = Task {
        for batch in batches {
            try Task.checkCancellation()
            await processBatch(batch)
            await saveBatchProgress(batch)
        }
        task.setTaskCompleted(success: true)
    }
    task.expirationHandler = {
        work.cancel()
        task.setTaskCompleted(success: false)
    }
}

Review Checklist

• [ ] All task identifiers listed in BGTaskSchedulerPermittedIdentifiers
• [ ] Required UIBackgroundModes enabled (fetch, processing)
• [ ] Tasks registered before app launch completes
• [ ] setTaskCompleted(success:) called on every code path
• [ ] expirationHandler set and cancels in-flight work
• [ ] Next task scheduled inside the handler (re-schedule pattern)
• [ ] earliestBeginDate uses reasonable intervals and is treated as a hint
• [ ] Background URLSession uses delegate (not async/closures)
• [ ] Background URLSession file moved in didFinishDownloadingTo before return
• [ ] handleEventsForBackgroundURLSession stores and calls completion handler
• [ ] Background push payload includes content-available: 1
• [ ] Background push APNs request uses apns-push-type: background and apns-priority: 5
• [ ] fetchCompletionHandler called promptly with correct result
• [ ] BGContinuedProcessingTask reports progress via ProgressReporting
• [ ] Work is incremental and cancellation-safe (Task.checkCancellation())
• [ ] No blocking synchronous work in task handlers

References

• See references/background-task-patterns.md for extended patterns, background

URLSession edge cases, debugging with simulated launches, and background push best practices.

• BGTaskScheduler
• BGAppRefreshTask
• BGProcessingTask
• BGContinuedProcessingTask (iOS 26+)
• BGContinuedProcessingTaskRequest (iOS 26+)
• Using background tasks to update your app
• Performing long-running tasks on iOS and iPadOS